Logging

Installation

Logging are available as a separate project "tf.tofu" %% "tofu-logging" % tofu-version

Motivation

Preface

Almost every application nowadays does logging, whether it is logging of business events, history of some state of application or even debug record sequences. We log to files, distributed systems, standard outputs of OSes, and we got used to it so much it seems simple to us. Many existing libraries provide many ways of logging from your application's code, either automatic or manual.

What's wrong (and how to fix that)?

First, logging is, in fact, a side effect. Whether we log anything to standard output or a file — it's an interaction with the outside world ('outside' relative to our program). Thus, logging as a process can be represented as an effect and operations - as an algebra.
Second, logging itself seems easy, but stuff around it - not so much. MDC, contexts, structured logging - all these things are very helpful on a day-to-day basis, allowing us to read and write our logs, making them clean, comprehensible and useful for many purposes. But there are few simple ways to provide all this functionality without bleeding and screaming from seeing over-engineered solutions.
Tofu offers an easy and understandable abstraction over logging (it's even named like this!) but keeping in mind that logging is an effect that can be composed.
It looks very similar to interfaces we all are used to (from SLF4J and other logging libraries and facades), introducing some new concepts:

import tofu.logging.LoggedValue

trait Logging[F[_]] {
  def trace(message: String, values: LoggedValue*): F[Unit]

  def debug(message: String, values: LoggedValue*): F[Unit]

  def info(message: String, values: LoggedValue*): F[Unit]

  def warn(message: String, values: LoggedValue*): F[Unit]

  def error(message: String, values: LoggedValue*): F[Unit]
}

Basically, that's the main user API you can interact with throughout your code. It resembles well-known solutions, keeping in mind that logging is an effect, though introducing the concept of LoggedValue.

Representation

To represent a value in logs we use a concept of Loggable (it's a typeclass). It describes how a value of some type can be logged, both as a string representation in log message and as a component of structured logging. Given an instance of Loggable for a type, a value of the type can be converted into the final internal representation called LoggedValue and thus logged in a way that you provided.
There are multiple predefined ways to create an instance of Loggable, many of them can be found in tofu.logging.Loggable object:

Loggable.empty for no-op logging of value
Loggable.show for using cats.Show instance as string representaion
Loggable.either for logging either of A and B
provided instances for all primitive types, as well as stdlib's collections and collections from Cats
java.time.* instances

Of course, you can describe your Loggable instance yourself by extending existing traits that pre-implement some functionality:

DictLoggable for multi-field objects
ToStringLoggable for using .toString for logging
HideLoggable to exclude value from logging

Loggable example

import tofu.logging._
import cats.syntax.semigroup._

case class User(name: String, surname: String)

implicit val userLoggable = new DictLoggable[User] {
  override def fields[I, V, R, S](a: User, i: I)(implicit r: LogRenderer[I, V, R, S]): R = {
    r.addString("name", a.name, i) |+| r.addString("surname", a.surname, i)
  }

  override def logShow(a: User): String = s"name = ${a.name}, surname = ${a.surname}"
}

Let's take a look at this example.
First, we define a loggable for our User class as a DictLoggable which means that we want to log it as a multi-field object with structure.
Second, we define two methods that describe how User should be logged:

fields, that represents User as a structure, containing two fields with their respective names and values
logShow, that represents User as a string in a log message

Loggable derivation

a Tofu has integration with derevo library. It allows you to easily generate instances of Loggable[YourClass] for case classes or ADTs:

import tofu.logging.derivation.loggable
import derevo.derive

@derive(loggable)
case class Query(value: String, size: Int, isTagged: Tagged, tag: Tag)

@derive(loggable)
case class Tagged(b: Option[Boolean])

@derive(loggable)
sealed trait Tag

@derive(loggable)
case class DatabaseTag(db: String) extends Tag

@derive(loggable)
case object InMemoryTag extends Tag

so when logged

Configuring Loggable generation

Tofu has several annotations to configure generation of Loggable

@hidden

import tofu.logging.derivation.{loggable, hidden}
import derevo.derive

@derive(loggable)
case class User(name: String, @hidden() password: String)

User("tofu", "pass") will be logged as User{name=tofu}

@masked

import tofu.logging.derivation.{loggable, masked, MaskMode}
import derevo.derive

@derive(loggable)
case class Card(@masked(MaskMode.Erase) expirationDate: String, @masked(MaskMode.ForLength(4, 12)) cardNumber: String, @masked() owner: String)

Card(737, "1244345632322311", "TOFU PETROV") will be logged as Card{expirationDate=...,cardNumber=1244########2311,owner=**** ******}

@unembed

import tofu.logging.derivation.{loggable, unembed}
import derevo.derive

@derive(loggable)
case class Scientist(@unembed owner: Person, age: Option[Int])

@derive(loggable)
case class Person(name: String)

Room(Person("Karl Sagan"), None) will be logged as Room{name=Karl Sagan, age=None}

Creation

Creating an instance of Logging in Tofu is an effect itself. You can use helper class Logs that can produce values of type I[Logging[F]] (where I and F are intended to be two different effects, former is a Initialization effect (Task or IO) and latter is some ReaderT-ish effect or just main program effect type, but they can be the same though) and define a behaviour of your Logging instances. An instance of Logs is supposed to be shared by different parts of user code. It's not a restriction though.

Tofu logs are built on top of existing Java logging infrastructure hence each logger for some class needs to have distinctive name, as well as whole logging system has to be configured with a logback.xml (default configuration does exist though).

Logs methods close the first requirement in different ways:

Plain `Logging`

by asking that name from user: For example here we create named instance and pass it explicitly.

import tofu.logging._
import tofu.syntax.logging._
import tofu.syntax.monadic._
import cats._

class MyService[F[_] : Monad](logger: Logging[F]) {
  def makeFoo(arg: String): F[Int] =
    logger.info("Doing simplest thing").as(arg.length) <* logger.debug("Yep, counted length")
}

object MyService {
  def makeNamed[I[_] : Monad, F[_] : Monad](logs: Logs[I, F]): I[MyService[F]] =
    logs.byName("my-service-log").map(new MyService[F](_))
}

by generating that name from type-parameter, which is a class intended to use logging with:

def makeNamed[I[_] : Monad, F[_] : Monad](logs: Logs[I, F]): I[MyService[F]] =
  logs.byName("my-service-log").map(new MyService[F](_))

Logging instance created by this method for class MyService[IO] in package com.bar.foo.pckg will be named com.bar.foo.pckg.MyService

Typesafe `ServiceLogging`

Creating plain Logging[F] and using it around tends to be error-prune: one can easily pass logger created for service FooService instead of BarService. Tofu has a solution — newtype ServiceLogging[F, Service] and LoggingCompanion which contains simple type alias Log[F[_]] = ServiceLogging[F, Service].

import tofu.logging._
import tofu.syntax.logging._
import tofu.syntax.monadic._
import cats._

class FooService[F[_] : FooService.Log : Monad] {
  def makeFoo(arg: Int): F[String] =
    info"Doing yet another simplest thing".as(arg.toString) <* debug"Yep, called toString"
}

object FooService extends LoggingCompanion[FooService] {
  def make[I[_] : Functor, F[_] : Monad](logs: Logs[I, F]): I[FooService[F]] =
    logs.of[FooService].map(implicit l => new FooService[F])
}

Note that using it like logs.named["foo"] or logs.byName("foo") is going to fail compilation.

This is also the intended way to create Logging[F] or ServiceLogging[F, Service] instance for your classes.

Ways to create Logs

There are multiple ways to create Logs instance, among them:

Logs.sync that requires a cats.effect.Sync instance for delaying side-effects
Logs.withContext that requires a cats.effect.Sync instance for delaying side-effects and a proof that F has a context to log
Logs.const that wraps single Logging thus always returning the same instance
Logs.empty that will produce a no-op Logging instances
Logs.combine that combines two instances of Logs. Logging instance that is created this way will be a combination of two underlying instances, produced by both Logs . This means that both Logging implementations will be called in sequence

import tofu.logging._

// for simplification, you can use whatever F you like
type F[A] = cats.effect.IO[A]

class MyService
class MyTaglessService[F[_]]
// defines simple logging behaviour without any notion of contexts
val syncLogs = Logs.sync[F, F]

// describing creation of logging instances and logging itself. When being run, this will log a message
val effect: F[Unit] = for {
  loggingBN <- syncLogs.byName("my-logger") // you can create instances by name
  loggingFS <- syncLogs.forService[MyService] // you can create instances by type of your non-tagless-final services
  loggingFS <- syncLogs.of[MyTaglessService] // you can create instances by type of your tagless-final services
  _ <- loggingBN.info("This is an INFO message")
  _ <- loggingFS.warn("This is a WARN message")
} yield ()

Context logging

It is possible to log the context of your computations along with actual log message. Often it comes along with structured logging. To illustrate it consider this pseudocode:

structuredLogger.info("I am a message", context = Map("transaction_id" -> 2342234, "request_name" -> "req"))
//it logs 
{ "level": "INFO", "message": "I am a message", "transaction_id": 2342234, "request_name": "req" }

That's neat, right? But it is verbose and clumsy to use, so tofu provides an abstraction for it.

If you have an instance of tofu.Context for your effect type and a Loggable for your context, you can have it logged automagically. That is natural — describe how we can get a context from a computation F and a way to represent that context in log, and we will ensure it will be logged anytime you use Logging operations. You can log that context to string as well as use it as a part of structured logging.

Layouts

Tofu is built upon Logback so it needs a custom logback.xml file with contexual logging support. Tofu uses mechanism called markers to store context in logs, so it won't work with existing Layouts e.g. with Logstash-encoder.

Luckily for us, tofu has two special Layouts:

ELKLayout that outputs structured logs in JSON format. Example appender looks like that:


<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
    <encoder class="ch.qos.logback.core.encoder.LayoutWrappingEncoder">
        <layout class="tofu.logging.ELKLayout"/>
    </encoder>
</appender>

ConsoleContextLayout that outputs simple text logs. Example appender looks like that:


<appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
    <encoder class="ch.qos.logback.core.encoder.LayoutWrappingEncoder">
        <layout class="tofu.logging.logback.ConsoleContextLayout">
            <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss} %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n [%mdc]%n</pattern>
        </layout>
    </encoder>
</appender>

Example

import tofu.WithRun
import tofu.logging.derivation.loggable._
import tofu.logging.{LoggableContext, Logging, LoggingCompanion, Logs}
import cats.{Functor, Monad}
import tofu.syntax.console._
import tofu.syntax.context._
import tofu.syntax.logging._
import tofu.syntax.monadic._
import tofu.zioInstances.implicits._
import zio._
import zio.interop.catz._

object Example extends zio.App {

  class BusinessService[F[_] : BusinessService.Log : Monad] {
    private def logic(arg: String): String = arg.repeat(3).replace("a", "b")

    def runLogic(arg: String): F[String] =
      info"Doing some business logic" as logic(arg)
  }

  object BusinessService extends LoggingCompanion[BusinessService] {

    def make[I[_] : Functor, F[_] : Monad](logs: Logs[I, F]): I[BusinessService[F]] =
      logs
        .of[BusinessService]
        .map(implicit l => new BusinessService[F])
  }

  case class RequestContext(id: Long, method: String)

  class Server[I[_] : Monad : Logging, F[_] : WithRun[*[_], I, RequestContext]](
                                                                                 business: BusinessService[F]
                                                                               ) {

    def handleRequest(request: Server.Request): I[Server.Response] = for {
      _ <- info"Got request $request"
      context = RequestContext(request.id, request.method)
      logicComputation = business.runLogic(request.body)

      result <- runContext[F](logicComputation)(context)

      response = Server.Response(result)
      _ <- info"Got response $response"
    } yield response

  }

  object Server {

    case class Request(id: Long, body: String, method: String)

    case class Response(answer: String)

  }

  type Contextual[A] = RIO[RequestContext, A]

  def run(args: List[String]): URIO[ZEnv, ExitCode] = {
    implicit val loggableContext: LoggableContext[Contextual] =
      LoggableContext.of[Contextual].instance[RequestContext]
    val contextLogs: Logs[Task, Contextual] = Logs.withContext[Task, Contextual]
    val mainLogs: Logs[Task, Task] = Logs.sync[Task, Task]

    for {
      implicit0(mainLogging: Logging[Task]) <- mainLogs.byName("main")
      bs <- BusinessService.make(contextLogs)
      server = new Server[Task, Contextual](bs)
      userRequest <- readRequest
      response <- server.handleRequest(userRequest)
      _ <- putStrLn[Task](s"Got response $response")
    } yield ()

  }.catchAll(_ => URIO.unit).as(zio.ExitCode.success)

  def readRequest: Task[Server.Request] =
    (
      readStrLn[Task]
        .map(_.toLongOption)
        .someOrFail(new Exception("Please provide numeric id")),
      readStrLn[Task],
      readStrLn[Task]
      ).mapN(Server.Request.apply)

}

Business Logic

We got BusinessService as our business logic. It does some stuff but most importantly it does not know it has any kind of special logging. It just logs some stuff and all it needs for it is Logging instance.

As you can see it is created with the same factory-pattern as discussed before.

Server

Next we have a Server of some kind that should get some request, run some business logic on it and then return response. Also, we want to have all the logs that business logic produces to have special RequestContext in it. To achieve this we run the logic in special contextual effect type F which then can be evaluated into our main effect I . (More information on this can be found in scaladoc for tofu.WithRun etc.) Moreover Server itself logs some messages and requires its own instance of Logging.

Loggable derivation

As one can see in Representation part for any of those logged values (like $request) Loggable instance should be in scope. In the example they are generated by macro, we just need to import it:

 import tofu.logging.derivation.loggable._

Running

It is a simple ZIO-app that reads user input from console and passes it to server. So when running possible output will look like this, if ran with ConsoleContextLayout in logback.xml:

sbt>run
10102
foo bar body
GET
23:20:14 INFO  main - Got request Request{id=10102,body=foo bar body,method=GET}
23:20:14 INFO  c.t.c.n.c.Example$BusinessService - Doing some business logic
 [method=GET, id=10102]
23:20:14 INFO  main - Got response Response{answer=foo bbr bodyfoo bbr bodyfoo bbr body}
Got response Response(foo bbr bodyfoo bbr bodyfoo bbr body)

Syntax extensions

It's much more convenient to use pre-defined syntax extensions for logging operations since they do all heavy lifting for you:

import cats.effect._
import cats.syntax.functor._
import cats.{Monad, Show, Functor}
import tofu.logging._
import tofu.syntax.logging._

case class User(name: String, surname: String)
object User {
  implicit val userShow: Show[User]         = user => s"name=${user.name}, surname=${user.surname}"
  implicit val userInstance: Loggable[User] = Loggable.show
}

val user: User = User("name", "surname")

class MyService[F[_]: Logging: Monad] {
  def doLogging: F[Unit] =
    for {
      _ <- info"This is a syntax demo: $user"
    } yield ()
}

object MyService {
  def apply[I[_]: Functor, F[_]: Monad](implicit logs: Logs[I, F]): I[MyService[F]] = {
    logs.forService[MyService[F]].map(implicit l => new MyService[F])
  }
}

// An instance of `Logs` is supposed to be shared between mupltiple classes (or a single one for a whole application)
// Note that initializing effect of your application may differ from logging effect.
implicit val logs: Logs[IO, IO] = Logs.sync[IO, IO]

val io: IO[Unit] = for {
  service <- MyService[IO, IO]
  _       <- service.doLogging
} yield ()

io.unsafeRunSync()
// 13:56:26.918 [main] INFO tofu.logging.Test$MyService - This is a syntax demo: name=name, surname=surname

Using a syntax we achieve a few important goals.
First, it will log a message containing a string representation of your value of type User as you defined it in Loggable instance.
Second, it will create a LoggedValue from your Loggable description and pass it to underlying logger and your LogRendered, so your structured logging will work as expected.

Integration with logs4cats

There is a library for effectful logging named log4cats which shares the goal of representing logging as an effect and providing the ability to log context values. It is used by some of the open-source libraries which may require you to pass an instance of org.typelevel.log4cats.Logger to it in order to log something. Module tofu-logging-log4cats contains a helper that can create an instance of log4cats Logger from our existing tofu.logging.Logging one. If our Logging instance is contextual, it will continue leveraging that despite being wrapped in log4cats Logger. Moveover, it will log context values that are passed to log4cats Logger API as Map[String, String].
This means that not only you will not lose your context, but additional values that are passed to Logger will also be logged.
Let's take a look at the example:

import org.typelevel.log4cats.{Logger, StructuredLogger}
import tofu.env.Env
import tofu.logging._

// Suppose we have some external APIs that leverage log4cats's Logger and StructuredLogger
def logWithLog4Cats[F[_]](implicit logger: Logger[F]): F[Unit] =
    logger.info("Hello Tofu!")

def logWithLog4CatsContextual[F[_]](implicit logger: StructuredLogger[F]): F[Unit] =
    logger.info(Map("field" -> "value"))("Hello contextual Tofu!")

// And we have our own context that can be logged as a structure
case class Context(start: Long)
object Context {
  implicit val loggable: Loggable[Context] = new DictLoggable[Context] {
    override def fields[I, V, R, S](a: Context, i: I)(implicit r: LogRenderer[I, V, R, S]): R =
      r.addInt("start", a.start.toInt, i)
    override def logShow(a: Context): String                                                  =
      a.toString
  }
}

// This context will be embedded in our Env monad and be logged at each logging call
type AppEnv[A] = Env[Context, A]
implicit val loggableContext: LoggableContext[AppEnv] = LoggableContext.of[AppEnv].instance
val logs: Logs[AppEnv, AppEnv]                        = Logs.withContext[AppEnv, AppEnv]

// first we need to import converter function
import tofu.logging.log4cats._
 
// then we can create an instance of Logger, passing an instance of tofu.logging.Logging implicitly
val env1: AppEnv[Unit] =
  logs.byName("Main").flatMap { implicit logging =>
    implicit val log4catsLogger: StructuredLogger[AppEnv] = toLog4CatsLogger
    logWithLog4Cats *> logWithLog4CatsContextual
  }

// or passing it explicitly in case you have more than one Logging instance in scope
val env2: AppEnv[Unit] =
  logs.byName("Main").flatMap { logging =>
    implicit val log4catsLogger: StructuredLogger[AppEnv] = toLog4CatsLogger(logging)
    logWithLog4Cats *> logWithLog4CatsContextual
  }

// you can also create an instance of Logger for each call, but this is not advised since it will make unnecessary allocations
val env3: AppEnv[Unit] =
  logs.byName("Main").flatMap(implicit logging => logWithLog4Cats *> logWithLog4CatsContextual)

// we can then import Scheduler and run our Env with some context
import monix.execution.Scheduler.Implicits.global

(for {
  _ <- env1.run(Context(123))
  _ <- env2.run(Context(456))
  _ <- env3.run(Context(789))
} yield ()).runSyncUnsafe(Duration.Inf)

// If we have a configured layout for structured logging, supporting context values (i.e. tofu.logging.ElkLayout)
// we will see JSON logs that contain not only values from our Context, but also values that were passed to log4cats Logger by the external API
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.059Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello Tofu!","start":123}
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.167Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello contextual Tofu!","start":123,"field":"value"}
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.168Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello Tofu!","start":456}
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.168Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello contextual Tofu!","start":456,"field":"value"}
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.169Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello Tofu!","start":789}
// {"@timestamp":"2020-10-31T14:11:31.169Z","loggerName":"Main","threadName":"main","level":"INFO","message":"Hello contextual Tofu!","start":789,"field":"value"}

Tofu

Core

Contextual

Concurrent

Higher-Kind

Optics

Utilities

Streams

Installation

Motivation

Preface

What's wrong (and how to fix that)?

Representation

Loggable example

Loggable derivation

Configuring Loggable generation

Creation

Plain `Logging`

Typesafe `ServiceLogging`

Ways to create Logs

Context logging

Layouts

Example

Business Logic

Server

Loggable derivation

Running

Syntax extensions

Integration with logs4cats

Installation

Motivation

Preface

What's wrong (and how to fix that)?

Representation

Loggable example

Loggable derivation

Configuring Loggable generation

Creation

Plain Logging

Typesafe ServiceLogging

Ways to create Logs

Context logging

Layouts

Example

Business Logic

Server

Loggable derivation

Running

Syntax extensions

Integration with logs4cats

Plain `Logging`

Typesafe `ServiceLogging`